العربية
فارسیThe wastewater treatment plant is an advanced facility designed to clean and treat urban and industrial wastewater. These facilities collect wastewater discharged from homes, industries, and other sources and purify them from various pollutants such as chemicals, organics, microorganisms, and suspended particles.
Wastewater usually contains various pollutants including suspended solids, degradable organic matter, fats, oils, heavy metals, and even harmful pathogens and microbes. If these pollutants return to nature without treatment, they can quickly cause contamination of water resources, soil and natural ecosystems.
Wastewater treatment plants use three main steps to clean wastewater:
Primary (physical) purification: This step includes the removal of coarse solids such as plastic, paper, sand and other particles. At this stage, the wastewater is passed through large screens and sieves to separate these materials.
Secondary (biological) treatment: In this step, aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms are used to break down organic substances in wastewater. These processes help to reduce the load of organic pollution of wastewater and hazardous materials are converted into harmless materials.
Final treatment (chemical): In this step, chemicals such as chlorine or ozone are used to destroy the remaining harmful microbes and bacteria. This step is usually used for final cleaning and disinfection of wastewater.
Finally, after passing through these steps, the purified water that has reached environmental standards is returned to natural water sources such as rivers or lakes or recycled for industrial and agricultural use.
Sewage treatment plants play a key role in preserving the environment, reducing water pollution and preventing diseases caused by contaminated water, and are considered one of the most basic infrastructures of any modern city.
Types of sewage treatment plants
The types of wastewater treatment plants differ based on the type of processes used and the type of treated wastewater. In the following, we will discuss the main types of sewage treatment plants and the descriptions of each of them:
1. Urban sewage treatment plants
These types of treatment plants are designed to treat wastewater produced by residential and commercial areas. Municipal wastewater contains organic matter, human waste, household chemicals, oils, and other pollutants. These types of treatment plants usually use several physical, biological, and chemical steps to treat wastewater to an acceptable level of treatment.
Urban wastewater treatment steps:
- Primary treatment: removal of large solids and suspended matter using nets and sedimentation tanks.
- Secondary treatment: using microorganisms to break down organic matter.
- Final treatment: water disinfection with chemicals such as chlorine or ozone.
2. Industrial wastewater treatment plants
These treatment plants are specifically designed for wastewater produced by factories and industries. Industrial wastewater can contain heavy metals, toxic chemicals, industrial oils and fats, and organic materials. Due to the variety of pollutants, the processes used in these refineries are different depending on the type of industry and require special equipment and technologies.
Industrial wastewater treatment steps:
- Physical purification: to remove solid and suspended materials such as sand and gravel.
- Chemical treatment: using chemicals to neutralize or precipitate pollutants.
- Advanced purification: using advanced technologies such as reverse osmosis or filtration to remove certain pollutants.
3. Sanitary sewage treatment plants
These types of treatment plants are designed for sanitary or black wastewater (wastewater produced in toilets and bathrooms). This wastewater contains human waste, bacteria, and pathogenic microbes that require special treatment.
Sanitary wastewater treatment steps:
- Biological treatment: using aerobic and anaerobic bacteria that break down organic matter.
- Final treatment: using chlorination or other disinfectants to kill harmful microorganisms.
4. Agricultural wastewater treatment plants
These treatment plants are used to treat polluted water resulting from agricultural activities, such as irrigation effluent or washing agricultural land. Agricultural wastewater usually contains chemicals such as pesticides and fertilizers that can contaminate surface and groundwater.
Agricultural wastewater treatment steps:
- Biological treatment: to break down organic matter and chemical fertilizers using microorganisms.
- Chemical treatment: to precipitate and remove mineral and chemical substances such as nitrates and phosphates.
5. Decentralized wastewater treatment plants
These types of treatment plants are used in areas where it is not possible to build large sewage treatment systems. These systems are usually designed to treat the wastewater of a small complex or village and can operate independently without the need for large sewer networks.
Features of decentralized refineries:
- Small size and suitable for sparsely populated communities.
- Using simpler and less expensive methods.
- The possibility of treating wastewater on site and returning it to the environment.
6. Advanced treatment plants
These types of treatment plants are designed to remove specific and complex pollutants that cannot be removed by conventional treatment methods. Advanced treatment plants typically use technologies such as reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, and activated carbon.
Advanced purification steps:
- Filtration: passing wastewater through fine filters to remove small particles.
- Reverse osmosis: removal of minerals and chemicals using high pressure.
- Carbon adsorption: using activated carbon to absorb organic and chemical substances.
Each type of wastewater treatment plant is designed based on specific needs and environmental conditions so that it can have the best performance in the treatment of different wastewaters.
Wastewater treatment plant components
The main components of a wastewater treatment plant include various parts and equipment, each of which plays an important role in the wastewater treatment and cleaning process. These components are divided into different stages of physical, biological and chemical purification. In the following, the important components of a wastewater treatment plant and their functions are explained:
1. Nets and filters (Screens)
These equipments are located at the entrance of the treatment plant and are used to remove large solids such as wood, plastic, paper, cloth and other suspended materials. Nets and strainers prevent these materials from entering the next stages of purification to prevent damage to other equipment.
2. Primary Sedimentation Tank
In this section, wastewater enters large ponds where heavy and suspended solids gradually settle. These solid materials are collected as primary sludge and transferred to the de-sludge section. This step is an important part of physical wastewater treatment.
3. Aeration tank
The aeration pond is used for the biological treatment of wastewater. In this pond, wastewater aeration is done using diffusers or aerator devices so that aerobic microorganisms can decompose the organic materials in the wastewater. This process reduces the load of organic pollution and suspended waste materials.
4. Secondary Sedimentation Tank
After the aeration stage, the wastewater enters these ponds to settle the remaining suspended matter, including microorganisms and other solids. This step helps in the final removal of sludge and suspended matter.
5. Sludge treatment units
Sludges produced in the primary and secondary stages are transferred to the de-sludge section. In this section, the sludge is dried and ready for disposal or reuse using processes such as thickening and dewatering. Dried sludge may be used to produce organic fertilizers or energy.
6. Disinfection units
At this stage, the treated wastewater is transferred to the disinfection section. Chemicals such as chlorine or ozone are added to the wastewater to kill residual microbes, bacteria, and pathogens. This step is very important so that the outgoing water can be safely returned to the environment or used for other purposes.
7. Pretreatment Units
In industrial or large wastewater treatment plants, there may be pre-treatment units to remove certain pollutants before entering the main treatment stages. These units include filtration equipment, sedimentation, and chemical neutralization devices that remove certain pollutants such as heavy metals or toxic substances before entering the main treatment system.
8. Pumps and Conveyance Systems
Pumps and piping systems are used to transfer wastewater from different parts of the treatment plant to each other. These systems play an important role in ensuring the proper flow of wastewater throughout the treatment process.
9. Wastewater storage tanks (Storage Tanks)
In some treatment plants, there are storage tanks that are used for temporary storage of wastewater or treated water before entering the next steps or leaving the treatment plant. These tanks help to balance the load of incoming and outgoing sewage.
10. Control and Monitoring Systems
Modern refineries use automation and control systems to monitor and manage the performance of various equipment and processes. These systems typically include sensors, water quality monitors, and remote control equipment that allow operators to efficiently manage the treatment plant.
11. Reuse and Recovery Units
In some treatment plants, there are water recycling units that recycle purified water for specific uses such as agriculture, industry, or even drinking under certain conditions. These units can use advanced technologies such as membrane filtration and reverse osmosis.
The components of the wastewater treatment plant work in harmony with each other to thoroughly treat the wastewater and produce clean and safe water for return to nature or reuse.
conclusion
Wastewater treatment plants play a vital role in protecting water resources and the environment. By properly treating municipal, industrial, and sanitary wastewaters, surface and underground water pollution can be prevented and natural resources can be used sustainably. Due to population growth and the increase of environmental pollutants, it is necessary to establish and improve sewage treatment plants to ensure public health and protect the environment. The use of advanced technologies and appropriate equipment in treatment plants allows for more efficient treatment and recycling of water, which can contribute to the optimal use of resources.
Mehrab Zit Pars Co
Mehrab Zit Pars Company is one of the leading companies in the field of designing, producing and implementing wastewater treatment systems. Using its technical and engineering experience, this company provides extensive services in the field of municipal, industrial and sanitary wastewater treatment. One of the key products of this company is the wastewater treatment package, which is specially designed for the treatment of small and medium volume wastewaters. These packages are optimized according to the type of sewage and the needs of customers and can be installed in different places.
Features of Mehrab Zit Pars wastewater treatment package
Modular design: These packages are designed in a modular way, which allows for the development or upgrading of the system in the future.
Easy installation: Mehrab Zit Pars wastewater treatment packages are designed in such a way that they can be installed in a short period of time without the need for extensive changes in the environment.
Use of advanced technologies: These packages use advanced technologies such as aeration and biological treatment systems, which lead to increased treatment efficiency and reduced operating costs.
Wide application: These packages are suitable for urban, industrial and sanitary wastewater treatment and can be used in various industries including petrochemical, pharmaceutical, food and agriculture.
Environmentally friendly: Mehrab Bio Pars wastewater treatment packages are designed with minimal environmental effects and help reduce pollution and water recycling.
The use of Mehrab Zeet Pars wastewater treatment package is an effective solution for wastewater treatment and management due to its high efficiency, low cost, and compatibility with different environments.